Goldberg Coins and Collectibles

Sale 46

The Millennia Collection

Great Britain

Lot	Photo	Description	Realized
Lot 274		Great Britain. Noble, ND. S-1490; N-1118. 7.78 grams. Edward III, 1327-1377. Fourth Coinage, 1351-1361, Pre-Treaty (of Bretigni) issue, with Aquitaine titles. King stands facing in ship, bearing sword and shield. Reverse: Royal cross in tressure. Cross 3 "pattee" mintmark. Especially choice with glowing luster, struck on a full flan, sharp impression from worn dies, excellent detail overall. Scarce. Among the finest extant. NGC graded MS-64. Edward proved a most capable king, perhaps one of England's greater kings, in a time of significant societal evolution and change within England. His fifty-year reign would prove to be a dichotomy of positives and negatives. Governmental reforms affirmed the power of the emerging middle class in Parliament; meanwhile the power of the nobility, essentially in the hands a few, increased measurably. The Chivalric code reached an apex in English society, but this only masked the greed and ambition of Edward and his barons. England's emerging wool and cloth industry prospered and spread wealth across the country, but this was negated by the devastation wrought by the Black Death. Early successes in war ultimately failed to produce lasting results. Significantly for numismatists, the gold coinage truly began during this reign, tentatively at first with the "leopard" series which faded fast, producing major rarities for today, but finally flourishing in the Noble series, of which this specimen is a glorious example -- allowing England to become a major trading partner on the Continent, particularly in the wool trade. War occupied the largest part of Edward's reign. His claim to the disputed throne of France (through his mother, Isabella) led to the first phase of the Hundred Years' war. Early gains were such that in 1359 Edward's son, Edward, the Black Prince, had encircled Paris with his army, and the defeated French earnestly negotiated for peace -- from which England received huge tracts of territory. However, English military strength was weakened considerably after the plague, so that it began losing ground to the extent that by 1375 Edward agreed to the Treaty of Bruges, leaving only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux and Bayonne in English hands. The nature of English society transformed greatly during Edward's reign. The most lasting development of this was that English for the first time replaced French as the official and national language. Despite the king's early successes and England's general prosperity, much remained amiss in the realm. The flowering English economy was struck hard by the rise in prices and wages following the ravages wrought by the plague. Later, the failed French military campaigns of the king's son, John of Gaunt, caused excessive taxation and eroded Edward's popular support. Finally one last, unfortunate and unforeseen legacy that Edward would bequeath to the nation was his two sons' "houses": John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and Edmund Langley, Duke of York. The internecine squabbles between the two would cause the realm much grief for decades after, in a period which history has named the War of the Roses. Estimated Value $3,500 - 4,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $7,475
Lot 275		Great Britain. Quarter Noble, ND. S-1498. 1.95 grams. Edward III, 1327-1377. Fourth Coinage, 1356-1361. Shield in tressure. Reverse: Royal cross in tressure. Cross 3 mintmark. Minor weaknesses yet overall an exceptional example, with a nearly full flan and deep striking qualities as well as copious luster. NGC graded MS-65. Estimated Value $2,000 - 2,500. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $6,900
Lot 276		Great Britain. Noble, ND. S-1521; N-1281. 7.78 grams. Edward III, 1327-1377. Calais mint. Fourth Coinage, Post-Treaty (1369-1377). King stands facing in ship, bearing sword and shield. Reverse: Royal cross in tressure, E and pellet at center, quatrefoil over sail; flag at stern, for Calais. Cross 3, "pattee" mintmark. The King of France and Duke of Aquaitaine titles were used together only for the post-treaty coinage. A splendid specimen, crisp in strike with only trivial obverse die rust, highly lustrous and essentially flawless. Choice centering. One of the finest Nobles extant! NGC graded MS-65. The coastal port of Calais is about 20 miles east along the shores from a northern promontory of the French coast. Enjoying to this day a broad sandy beach extending for miles, and a sunny vista, it is an area of long human habitation, with evidence indicating its occupation since at least prehistoric times. Long known for its position of being the closest land point on the continent to the coast of Britain, it served as Julius Caesar's staging point for his invasion of Celtic Britain. Under Edward III, war with France began over the king's claims to the country's disputed throne. In this initial phase of the Hundred Years War, Edward landed in Normandy in July 1346, accompanied by his son Edward, the Black Prince (so called for the color of his armor, which is preserved today in Canterbury Cathedral). His decisive victory at Crécy in August (thanks to his advantage with the English longbow over Italian crossbowmen) scattered the French army. He then captured Calais, turning it into a base for future campaigns before agreeing to a truce in 1347. Subsequent and continued victories over the French resulted in the Treaty of Bretigni, in 1360, which ceded huge areas of northern and western France to English sovereignty, along with Calais remaining in English hands. The city was expanded into a cross-channel trading base, along with the opening of a mint there in 1363 for the striking of English gold and silver coins. Calais would remain as an asset and property of England for the next two centuries, only finally being wrested from her hands in 1558, during the reign of Mary Tudor, by the Duc Francois de Guise. Estimated Value $5,000 - 6,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). Illustrated in Money of The World, coin 74. View details and enlarged photos	Realized $13,225
Lot 277		Great Britain. Noble, ND. S-1658; N-1304. 7.81 grams. Richard II, 1377-1399. London Mint. Henry IV Style-Coinage, with Aquitaine title. King stands facing in ship, bearing sword and shield, trefoil over sail. Reverse: Royal cross in tressure. Cross pattee mintmark (style of Edward III's Cross 4). An incredibly choice piece, lustrous with a crisp strike and a full flan, and remarkably with the king's face fully detailed! The finest Richard II noble this cataloguer has seen in nearly 30 years, and a coin of historical value as well as exceptional eye-appeal. NGC graded MS-64. The son of Edward, Prince of Wales, "the Black Prince," and Joan, the "Fair Maid of Kent," Richard was but ten years old when he came to the throne upon the death of his grandfather, Edward III. During his minority, rule of England was effected by a council under the leadership of his uncle, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. After the Black Death had coursed through England from 1348-1350, killing a huge percentage of the population, economic hardship followed, as it did throughout most of Europe. England saw wages and prices rapidly increase. Parliament further worsened matters by enacting wage limits, but absurdly failing to control prices. Thus into the fourth year of Henry's reign England was racked by the peasant revolts led by Wat Tyler, to protest the suffering caused by John of Gaunt's oppressive economic policies. Another legacy of his uncle John would prove even more devastating to Richard: his lavish patronage of favorites was causing some consternation in government circles. A group of nobles sought to counter this by having some of these privileged few tried and convicted of treason. Richard retaliated, causing the death of three and the exile of two. One of the exiles was his cousin, Henry of Bollingbroke, son of John of Gaunt. Henry would eventually maneuver to have himself declared king while Richard was absent from the country. The deposed Richard was soon captured and imprisoned in 1399. The following year, while still in prison, he would be murdered in the prison -- becoming the first casualty in the War of the Roses between the Houses of Lancaster and York. Estimated Value $8,000 - 10,000. Purchased originally in 1993, as a recent find coin. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $14,950
Lot 278		Great Britain. Noble, ND. S-1804. 7.91 grams. Henry VI, First Reign, 1422-1461. York Mint (1422-1423). Annulet Issue. King stands facing in ship, bearing sword and shield; Lis over ship's stern (for York). Reverse: Royal cross in tressure. Lis mintmark. Frosty luster, an especially choice example showing a deep strike on a nearly full flan. Among the finest extant, a splendid example of the "commercial coinage" of this era. NGC graded MS-65. Estimated Value $5,000 - 6,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $13,800
Lot 279		Great Britain. Quarter Noble, ND. S-1810; N-1420. 1.81 grams. Henry VI, First Reign, 1422-1461. London mint. Annulet Issue. Lis over square-topped shield in tressure. Reverse: Royal cross in tressure. Large lis mintmark. A lustrous and very choice coin showing minor weakness in a few design details but otherwise a crisp strike on a full flan. Reverse shows the slightest doubling. An exceptional example. NGC graded MS-65. Although Henry enjoyed a lengthy reign, it would prove to be a devastating one to him. In France, hostilities of the Hundred Years War resumed once more. With the appearance of Joan of Arc, momentum swung to the French side. English losses began to mount, which Joan's removal by burning at the stake in 1431 failed to halt. Reverses at Brittany, Gascony and Normandy led to the conclusion of the War in 1453. Henry lost his claim to all French soil except for Calais. After this, the War of the Roses began in earnest. Henry would once again be the loser. The Yorkists would prevail and Henry, the last of the Lancastrian kings, would be murdered on May 21, 1471, in the Tower of London. Estimated Value $2,000 - 2,500. Ex Virgil Brand & Norweb (lot 173) collections.Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $4,600
Lot 280		Great Britain. Penny, ND. North-987; S-1844. 0.97 grams. Henry VI, First Reign, 1422-1461. London mint. Annulet issue. Central beaded circle, within a crowned bust frontal; + HENRICVS x REX x ANGL around. Reverse: Long cross pattee over central beaded circle, with pellet trefoil in each angle, two with annulet centers: CIVI TAS LON DON x spaced around arms. An especially pleasing, sharp example of type -- on typical tight flan, centers remarkably bold, with the "X" of the reverse cross much less affecting the portrait than ususal. Some legend off flan but just about the best one ever seen by these cataloguers. Artistic, old deep gray toning. NGC graded MS-63. Estimated Value $500 - 600. Ex Lockett collection (lot 1450). Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $552
Lot 281		Great Britain. Ryal, ND. S-1954; N-1550. 7.61 grams. Edward IV, First Reign, 1461-1470. Bristol mint (1466-1467), with "B" in waves below ship. Light Coinage of 1464-1470. King stands facing in ship, bearing sword and shield. Reverse: Crowned sunburst, rose in center. Small fleurs in spandrels. Sun and Crown mintmarks. Lustrous with a crisp strike on a most pleasing, round flan (not quite full), legends and the king's facial features especially well detailed. Rare. From the sale old collection as the accompanying Half Ryal. NGC graded MS-63. Estimated Value $5,000 - 6,000. Ex Lockett and Norweb collections. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $16,100
Lot 282		Great Britain. Half-Ryal, ND. S-1960; N-1555. 3.98 grams. Edward IV, First Reign, 1461-1470. Bristol mint, with "B" in waves below ship. Light Coinage of 1464-1470. King stands facing in ship, bearing sword and shield. Reverse: Crowned Sunburst, rose in center. Crown mintmark. A superb, lustrous example with a crisp strike on a curious, "oblong" flan. Very rare Type VII: minted July 1466 to July 1467 only. NGC graded MS-65. Edward was the son of Richard, Duke of York. His father's efforts to attain the crown, while eluding Richard, made the achievement possible for Edward. After defeating the Lancastrians at Mortimer's Cross in 1461, Edward was able to depose his cousin, Henry VI. Following Henry's murder, the rest of Edward's reign was fairly uneventful. The costs of civil war necessitated some devaluing, and revaluing, of the old currency. During the re-coinage, two new denominations were introduced: the Ryal, or 'Rose Noble,' at a value of 10 shillings, and later the Angel, which was valued at 6 shillings eightpence, and was the equivalent of the older Noble. Estimated Value $5,000 - 6,000. Ex Lockett and Norweb collections. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $11,500
Lot 283		Great Britain. Angel, ND. S-2187; N-1698. 5.19 grams. Henry VII, 1485-1509. York mint. Saint Michael spears Satan at his feet. Reverse: Ship bearing shield. Pheon mintmark. Crisply struck, a fresh coin with abundant mint luster, made on a full flan and remarkably showing a fantastically detailed face on the saint, slight wrinkle in the flan. Later style angel with an armour-clad Saint Michael. NGC graded MS-63. Henry was a descendant, from the wrong side of the bedsheets, of the inimitable John of Gaunt. Although a Lancastrian, when Henry gained the throne he was from the onset determined to bring order to England after 85 years of civil war. He thus married Elizabeth of York, and so combined in the Tudor line the factions of both Lancaster and York. Further discord as to succession was now ended. Henry's experiences with English nobility during the War of the Roses led him to mistrust them. So he worked diligently to strengthen the monarchy at their expense. Henry likewise displayed acumen in foreign affairs. The most far reaching, incidently, was to secure Papal dispensation for his son, Henry (the future Henry VIII), to marry Catherine of Aragon (whose divorce would provide a home for Protestantism, founding the new Church of England). In commerce, Henry encouraged trade, and subsidized shipbuilding, along with entering into lucrative trade agreements. Both crown and country profited under his stewardship. He moved England away from the Middle Ages, where feudal obligation was primary, to a more modern country of law and trade. Estimated Value $3,000 - 4,000. Found about 20 years ago in the roots of a tree in a forest in England; Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). Illustrated in Money of The World, coin 85. View details and enlarged photos	Realized $5,750
Lot 284		Great Britain. Groat, ND. S-2258; N-1747; SCBI-23 (Ashmolean), 789. 3.11 grams. Henry VII, 1485-1509. London mint (1504-1505). Regular issue. Crowned and draped bust right, crown with three bands. Reverse: Quartered shield bourne by cross fourchee. Cross-crosslet mintmark. Bold, even strike on a super flan, with fine deep old-collection toning. This coin with an extraordinary Tudor portrait and crisp legends. NGC graded AU-58. Estimated Value $1,500 - 2,000. View details and enlarged photos	Realized $3,450
Lot 285		Great Britain. Gold Crown of the Double-Rose, ND. S-2279. 3.67 grams. Henry VIII, 1509-1547. Henry & Jane Seymour issue (1536-1537). Crowned double rose, crowned letters H and I on either side. Reverse: Crowned shield, crowned letters H and I on either side. Arrow or pheon mintmark. A particularly choice example, lustrous and struck on a nearly full flan, showing sharp legends and motif details. NGC graded MS-63. To the public, Henry VIII is remembered only for his nearly manic obsession to sire a male heir, and the six wives he went through to achieve that end. In his time, though, he was one of the more enlightened princes, with the potential for great achievements -- some of which he eventually realized. Perhaps his most significant achievement, ironically, was to sire his second daughter, by Anne Boleyn, the future queen, Elizabeth. During his extraordinary life he maintained the political and governmental direction initiated by his father. Early in his reign he waged wars to further consolidate royal power, along with renewing claims to French territory. He even received an acclamation from the Pope, as "Defender of the Faith," for writing a treatise denouncing the radical ideals of Martin Luther. But then came the problem of needing a male heir. The importance of unruffled dynastic succession was surely inculcated into his mind by the decades of trauma brought on by the War of the Roses, to which his father finally brought surcease. Out of this need that drove Henry resulted the separation of Papal influence from England, along with the strengthening of royal authority, since the king was now both legal head of the nation and titular head of the country's faith. More importantly, his break from the Vatican was achieved by law, rather than the more tumultuous "popular outcry." Henry's legacy, finally, might be seen in that he would embody the modern concept of a ruler as the "ideological icon of the state." Estimated Value $2,500 - 3,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $17,250
Lot 286		Great Britain. Angel, ND. S-2299; N-1830. 5.12 grams. Henry VIII, 1509-1547. Tower mint. Third Coinage (1544-1547). Saint Michael spears Satan at his feet. Reverse: Ship bearing shield. Lis mintmark. Crisp details and a full, lustrous flan produce a remarkable eye-appeal in this example of a coinage which is scarce in all grades. Here is one of the finest to be seen. NGC graded MS-64. Henry was forced to resort to a policy of debasement in order to support the costly expenses of his wars and foreign policy endeavors. Gold and especially silver were affected. In fact, by the end of his reign, a similar scenario had played out which centuries before had adversely impacted Roman civilization, wherein their venerable silver coin became merely a silver-washed copper piece. The money series of England starting in 1546 had become so alloyed that the mint resorted to "blanching" the struck coin before releasing it into circulation. This gave the appearance, when new, of an honest silver piece. In circulation this thin film of silver soon wore away to reveal the coppery metal beneath. This earned for Henry on his portrait coins, when the nose reddened due to wear, the nickname of "Old Coppernose." On his gold coins, however, the gleam was genuine -- and most over the coming centuries suffered a dire fate, being melted away to bullion. Estimated Value $2,000 - 2,500. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $8,338
Lot 287		Great Britain. Sovereign of 20 Shillings, ND. S-2450. 10.71 grams. Edward VI, 1547-1553. Third Period (1551-1553). Crowned and armored half-figure right, holding sword and globus cruciger. Reverse: Crowned shield, with supporters. Tun mintmark. Well struck, with intricate details showing on the portrait. On a broad flan with full legends. An exceptionally choice EF. Very rare. NGC graded EF-40. Edward VI, son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, was born in 1537. He ascended the throne at age nine, upon the death of his father. He was betrothed to his cousin, Mary Queen of Scots, but deteriorating English-Scot relations prohibited their marriage. The frail, Protestant boy died of consumption at age sixteen, having never married. Economic hardship plagued England during Edward's rule and foreign relations were in a state of disarray. The new faith and the dissolution of the monasteries (effected by his cash-strapped father) had left a considerable population of ecclesiastical officials out of work at a time when unemployment soared. The enclosure of monastic lands as Crown property likewise deprived many peasants of their means of subsistence. The coinage lost value when new coins were minted from inferior metals, even as specie from the New World flooded English markets. The debasements that Henry initiated were continued sporadically under the regency of the minor king. So that no odium would be attached to the new reign, these coins still bore the portrait of King Henry. In 1551, when the duke of Northumberland was in charge of Edward's regency, a resolve was made to remedy the currency. This involved one more debasement, which gave officials almost enough bullion to coin an issue approaching the old sterling standard. The new coinage included a handsome new silver crown, the first English silver coin of thaler size, and a half crown. These impressive pieces were put to the public, as it were, as a pledge of reform of the currency. The new scheme did not quite work. The price of silver was still so high that it was tempting to hoard or melt down the new money. It wouldn't be until the time of Elizabeth that the currency problems would finally be resolved. Estimated Value $12,000 - 15,000. Ex Stack's Dec. 1998 sale, lot 301. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $20,125
Lot 288		Great Britain. Half-Sovereign, ND. S-2451; N-1928. 5.55 grams. Edward VI, 1547-1553. Tower mint. Third Period. Tun mintmark. Crowned and armored half-figure right, holding sword and globus cruciger. Reverse: Crowned shield. Broad, fine flan. Unusually sharp strike (from shallowly engraded dies) and a pleasing portrait of the young monarch. With beautiful, old reddish toning over satiny, lustrous surfaces. Rare. NGC graded AU-58. Estimated Value $7,000 - 8,000. Originally bought with a Glendinning's sale ticket from 1960 as "Ext. Fine" -- a grade seldom assigned to English gold coins by London auction rooms at that time. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $20,125
Lot 289		Great Britain. 'Fine' Sovereign, 1553. S-2488; N-1956. 15.27 grams. Mary Tudor, 1553-1554. Date in Roman Numerals. Mary enthroned facing. Reverse: Shield within rose. Pomegranate / pomegranate mintmarks. With a full flan, bold legends and a solid strike (including the queen's delicate face), this a most impressive hammered coin. Very rare, moreso in this grade. One of the best examples known. NGC graded MS-62. After the death of young Edward VI, his sister Mary, upon ascension, resumed coining at the old sterling standard. Apparently she was too honest to do otherwise, yet too preoccupied with other matters to effect a lasting remedy to the monetary problems she inherited. With Mary's early demise (of stomach cancer, which almost until the last moment she presumed to be pregnancy!), it would be her sister, Elizabeth, who would finally resolve the money evils initiated by their father, Henry VIII. The coins of this reign, so short in duration, are all rare, yet few project the majesty evinced by this coin of great grace and intrinsic value. Estimated Value $30,000 - 35,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). Illustrated in Money of The World, coin 82. View details and enlarged photos	Realized $52,900
Lot 290		Great Britain. Half Pound, ND. S-2520; N-1982. 5.63 grams. Elizabeth I, 1558-1603. Second Coinage, 1560-1561. Crowned bust left. Reverse: Crowned square-topped shield. Cross crosslet mintmark. Lustrous and well struck, with a bold portrait for this issue. Extremely rare in this grade. NGC graded MS-63. Estimated Value $7,000 - 8,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $14,088
Lot 291		Great Britain. Angel, ND. S-2525. 5.1 grams. Elizabeth I, 1558-1603. Fourth Coinage (1578-1582). Saint Michael spears Satan at his feet. Reverse: Ship bearing shield. Sword mintmark (struck 1582). Slight weakness on the ship's ends and at top of the angel, otherwise fine detail, and on a wonderful, broad flan. Lustrous, with lovely old reddish gold toning. A splendid coin! NGC graded MS-65. Estimated Value $3,500 - 4,000. Ex Stack's sale, Dec. 1992. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $15,525
Lot 292		Great Britain. 'Fine' Sovereign of 30 Shillings, ND. S-2529; N-2003. Elizabeth I, 1558-1603. Fifth Coinage (1584-1585). Elizabeth enthroned facing. Reverse: Shield within rose. Escallop (or seashell) mintmark. Unusually choice and lustrous, struck on a full flan with no flaws or splits, the portrait showing remarkably fine details including full folds in the royal gown, legends distinct, rose and shield also well defined. Among the finest known examples of this classic rarity. Extremely rare in this grade. NGC graded MS-64. Arguably, Elizabeth was perhaps the greatest of England's monarchs. She carried even further her father's supremacist views of the monarchy. But Elizabeth was a master of political science, and managed to achieve her ends while maintaining the devotion of the whole of English society to an extent probably not seen again until the reign of Victoria. Elizabeth inherited a rent and tattered nation: continuing dissensions (inherited from her sister Mary's union with a prince of Spain) between Catholics and Protestants endangered the fabric of English society; the Treasury had been drained by Mary and her advisors; the grievous loss of Calais for once left the realm without any Continental possessions since the arrival of the Normans in 1066; and, finally, Elizabeth's own legitimacy to the succession of the throne was questioned by many. By the end of this reign, England had emerged as the world's strongest naval power, and the stage was set for the country's future imperial expansion. Likewise during Elizabeth's reign the country experienced an artistic and cultural "golden age" -- with such notables, especially in literature, as Shakespeare, Marlowe, Spenser and Bacon. Elizabeth died childless and without heir at age seventy, having been on the English throne for forty-four years. With her ended the Tudor age, but through her the nation truly emerged in renaissance. Estimated Value $30,000 - 35,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $74,750
Lot 293		Great Britain. Pound of 20 Shillings, ND. S-2534; N-2008. 11.08 grams. Elizabeth I, 1558-1603. Fifth Coinage (1583-1600). Crowned "old" bust left in richly ornamented dress and profusion of long hair. Reverse: Crowned shield. Mintmarks: lion and tun / tun (struck 1591/2-1594). Usual occasional weakness in a few small areas, especially the shield, but this is a joyful example, lustrous and struck on a full flan and showing bold legends (the lovely portrait is of shallow engraving, not weakly impressed). Rare, especially in this outstanding grade. NGC graded AU-58. Paintings in the National Portrait Gallery in London show Elizabeth in dresses similar to this one. Estimated Value $8,000 - 10,000. Ex Spink Sale #97 (June 1993), lot 11.Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $16,675
Lot 294		Great Britain. Half Crown, 0 for 1600. S-2537. Elizabeth I, 1558-1603. Mintmark, 0 (1600). Fifth Coinage (1583-1600). Crowned "old" bust left in elaborate dress with a profusion of flowing hair. Reverse: Crowned, square-topped shield. A lustrous and delightful piece, on an upclipped if not quite fully round flan, with a charming small portrait, a few areas of soft strike but unusually well detailed for this issue. NGC graded MS-62. Estimated Value $3,500 - 4,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $5,750
Lot 295		Great Britain.Crown, 1601. S-2582; Dav-3757. 29.54 grams. Elizabeth I, 1558-1603. Mintmark 1 (1601). Sixth Coinage. Crowned "old" bust left, with elaborate dress and fancy ruff, tightly coiffed hair; scepter points to "I" in REGINA. Reverse: Quartered shield upon cross fleury. Doubling to portions of obverse inscription and lower part of bust, otherwise an exceptionally bold and full strike for the hammered series, with a choice and detailed portrait. Very rare in this grade. Fine old gray toning with colorful hues. The first coinage of the new century! NGC graded MS-61. Estimated Value $12,500 - 15,000. View details and enlarged photos	Realized $17,250
Lot 296		Great Britain. Milled Half Pound, ND. S-2543; N-2019. 5.69 grams. Elizabeth I, 1558-1603. Milled Coinage (1565-1570). Coinage by Mestrelle, the monarch in jeweled dress, with curly "Z" in her name, and grained edge. Crowned bust left. Reverse: Crowned, square-topped shield. Lis mintmark (struck 1567-1570, era of the 3rd Coinage). A splendid example, rich with luster and mellow golden red toning, on a broad flan and showing intricate design details. Few exist of this caliber! Extremely rare as such. NGC graded MS-62. The debasement of English coinage was begun by Elizabeth's father, Henry VIII, to help finance his wars, and was continued under his son, Edward VI. Large-scale debasements of this sort were highly uncommon to the British (and likewise unwelcome), although they had perpetrated such means regularly on their Irish subjects. Elizabeth, within two years of her mounting the throne, when William Cecil had become secretary of state, sought a means to clean up the mess English coinage had become. By 1560 the "great re-coinage" began to re-establish the fineness maintained previously for the gold and silver issues. During this time, in 1561, a French moneyer, and probably a Huguenot, by the name of Eloye Mestrelle, presented himself to the Privy Council in London and offered to set up machinery at the Tower to help with the re-coinage. Thus the first of England's milled coins were struck. Eventually six denominations in silver, and three in gold, were produced. His coins were admirable, yet in spite of (or perhaps because of) their excellence he met the same fate as other, earlier advocates of machine-made coinages. After the completion of the great re-coinage, the mint authorities of the old school (hammered minting), clinging to their brothers in the guild and feeling genuinely threatened by Mestrelle's genius, declared his machinery too slow and inefficient compared to striking by hand, and so engineered his removal in 1572. The poor Mestrelle's coining activities apparently didn't end there. Six years later he was hanged at Norwich for counterfeiting, yet innovation had been glimpsed and it would come to England and replace the coinage of the ages within another century. Estimated Value $12,000 - 15,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). Illustrated in Money of The World, coin 84. View details and enlarged photos	Realized $31,050
Lot 297		Great Britain. Rose-Ryal of 30 Shillings, ND. S-2613; N-2079. 13.76 grams. James I, 1603-1625. Second Coinage (1604-1619). James enthroned facing, throne back with scrolling. Reverse: Shield on rose. Rose mintmark (1605-1606). A marvelous example of this rarity, on a full, broad flan with a crisp strike showing the tiniest details exquisitely, the important centers (normally weak even on the finest pieces) being sharply defined. Rare, moreso in this remarkable quality. NGC graded MS-64. The son of Mary Queen of Scots and her second husband, Henry Stewart, both of the Tudor line from Henry VII, James ascended the Scottish throne as a minor after the abdication of his mother (who was later executed by Elizabeth I of England after a long imprisonment). His years in the Scottish court strongly marked his personality. Murder and intrigue plagued the reigns of both his mother and his grandfather, and so James grew into a guarded, very reserved individual, with an easily understood tendency towards paranoia. He was thrilled to be designated by Elizabeth as heir to England's throne and thus to be away from Scotland, but was quite unprepared for the task of being England's monarch, and an attempt on his life at a hunting lodge early in his English reign further isolated him from his nobles. The societal and religious tensions that Elizabeth had worked to manage and soothe had not gone away, and remained an impediment to whatever success his rule might have had. James was witty and well-read, but adamant about the divine right of kingship (his own especially), and saw little use for Parliament. His extravagant spending habits, bungled foreign policies, lavishing of peerages on supporters (in essence, bribery), his homosexual attachment to George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham (another peerage James created), and the nonchalant ignoring of the nobility's grievances all aggravated to create a constant friction between him and Parliament. This behavior of James would be repeated (to his undoing) by Charles, James's second son. King James died of a stroke in 1625, after ruling England for twenty-two years. Estimated Value $20,000 - 25,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $55,200
Lot 298		Great Britain. Ship Spur-Ryal of 16 Shillings & Sixpence, ND. S-2614; N-2080. 6.81 grams. James I, 1603-1625. Second Coinage. King in man-of-war ship, bearing sword and shield, flying banner displaying his emblem. Reverse: Crowned sunburst, rose at center. Tower mintmark (1612-1613). Fully lustrous with a crisp strike and coined on a full flan, particularly well-defined detail to the king's face, the legends all sharp, abundant metal outside the lettering with rims generally complete. Superb golden red color. Very rare type, seldom seen at all, in simply nonpareil condition! NGC graded MS-64. Estimated Value $30,000 - 35,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). One of the most important of all English hammered gold coins. View details and enlarged photos	Realized $52,900
Lot 299		Great Britain. Rose-Ryal of 30 Shillings, ND. S-2633; N-2108. 12.52 grams. James I, 1603-1625. Third Coinage (1619-1625). James enthroned facing, plain back to throne. Reverse: Shield on rose. Trefoil mintmark (1624). Lustrous, on a full flan with complete legends, and lovely original color. Sharply detailed on the king's face! An important variation from the standard rose-ryal with the usual medieval "decorated" throne, seldom seen and especially rare in this condition. NGC graded MS-63. Estimated Value $20,000 - 25,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $48,300
Lot 300		Great Britain. Lion Spur-Ryal of 15 Shillings, ND. S-2634; N-2109. 6.26 grams. James I, 1603-1625. Third Coinage (1619-1625). Crowned lion facing, supporting arms. Reverse: Crowned sunburst, rose at center. Spur-rowel mintmark (a 6-pointed star, 1619-1620). Lustrous on a full, round flan, sharply impressed in all quarters right to the outer beading, faintest vertical flan crinkle as made, with gorgeous golden red color. Very rare, and especially in this grade -- the finest specimen we have seen. NGC graded MS-64. The facing lion was one of the more elegant motifs in English gold coinage. The design anticipates many of the artistic fancies to be seen in European coinage in his century, yet retains much of the medieval/Renaissance formality and dignity seen earlier in the French and Lowlands coinages. One sees in this issue of golden ryal a coinage valued at less than in previous series. Moreso in James's reign, the coin is witness to the effects of the plethora of available silver coming into Britain from Europe at the time. This of course was the result of the vast amounts of bullion flooding into Europe via Spain, originating from the mines of its New World colonies. During James's rule, not only were repeated adjustments made to existing denominations but in addition new varieties or denominational combinations were created, all to maintain the English coinage's proper ratio of gold to silver. Here in this magnificent spur-ryal is perhaps the greatest of all artistic innovations of the century, emblematic of both majesty and military might. Few coins throughout history capture the spirit of an age so well as does this marvelous coin. Estimated Value $30,000 - 35,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). A classic English hammered gold rarity! View details and enlarged photos	Realized $74,750
Lot 301		Great Britain. Half-Laurel, ND. S-2640. 4.57 grams. James I, 1603-1625. Third Coinage, First Bust (large laurel bust). Laureate bust left. Reverse: Crowned square-top shield. Spur-rowel mintmark (1619-1620). This was the plate coin in Spink's 2000 edition of its Standard Catalogue of British Coins: Coins of England and the United Kingdom, #2640. Lustrous with an unusually crisp strike on an excellent flan. Among the best known. NGC graded MS-64. Estimated Value $2,500 - 3,000. Ex Spink sale of Nov. 1997. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $6,900
Lot 302		Great Britain. Tower Unite, ND. S-2690; N-2150. 8.98 grams. Charles I, 1625-1649. Group C, 3rd Bust. Tower mint under the King (1630-1631). High-crowned bust left. Reverse: Crowned and garnished square-top shield. Plume mintmark. Lustrous and a splendid example! Unusually round, full flan, the legends all sharp as can be, with essentially full outer beading, no perceptible doubling of strike, and incredibly well detailed on the portrait. Reddish gold surfaces. Among the finest known. NGC graded AU-58. Estimated Value $8,000 - 10,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $31,050
Lot 303		Great Britain. Tower Unite, ND. S-2690 (2692); N-2150. 8.97 grams. Charles I, 1625-1649. Third Bust; Tower mint under the King. Crowned bust left. Reverse: Garnished oval shield, crown above. Rose mintmark (1631-1632). Bold strike, lustrous with a strong portrait and shield, on a full flan. No perceptible wear. NGC graded MS-62. Estimated Value $2,500 - 3,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $5,290
Lot 304		Great Britain. Tower Unite, ND. S-2692 (2693A); N-2152. 9.00 grams. Charles I, 1625-1649. Fifth Bust, in small lace collar; Tower mint under the King (1633-1634). High-crowned bust left. Reverse: Garnished oval shield, crown above. Portcullis mintmark. Superb grade for issue: essentially As Struck on the usual, wretched, irregularly shaped flan, the hand-striking qualities soft in areas. Scarce and as nice as this issue comes. NGC graded AU-55. Charles assumed the mantle of kingship at age twenty-five. After a weak and sickly childhood, he became an excellent horseman and a strong-willed king (which would doom him). Charles inherited the incessant financial problems of his father, namely the refusal by Parliament to grant funds to a king who refused to address the grievances of the nobility. He thus continued in the tradition of his father and mismanaged affairs until the point at which he forced a fatal showdown with Parliament. Civil war ensued. Also exacerbating tensions was Charles's marriage to a devoutly Catholic French princess who, along with her meddling and immense Catholic retinue, only incensed the increasingly Puritan nobility. Charles was eventually incarcerated by Parliament in 1646. In 1648 he was put on trial for treason. The tribunal, by a vote of 68 to 67, found him guilty and set his execution for early 1649, by beheading. Estimated Value $3,000 - 3,500. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $2,875
Lot 305		Great Britain. Milled Unite, ND. S-2719; N-2294. 8.97 grams. Milled issue, by Nicholas Briot (1631-1632). Charles I, 1625-1649. Crowned bust left. Reverse: Crowned and garnished square-top shield. Daisy and "B" mintmarks. Rare. Lustrous and sharp, on a wonderful flan, faint hairlines on obverse but especially choice for issue. Few exist so fine. NGC graded AU-58. Estimated Value $12,000 - 15,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $26,450
Lot 306		Great Britain. Triple Unite, 1643. S-2726; N-2383. 26.71 grams. Charles I, 1625-1649. Oxford mint. Crowned bust left, holding sword and branch, scarf behind king's shoulder. Reverse: Scrolled "Declaration." Plume mintmark. Lustrous and especially choice for issue, on a full flan with excellent sharpness for this massive piece, part of obverse legend at bottom doubled but otherwise crisp. Among the finest known. Very rare, especially in high grade. NGC graded MS-62. In Charles's declaration of war against the rebel Parliamentarian forces, he promised that he would "Preserve the Protestant religion, the known laws of the land, and the just privileges and freedom of Parliament." This is depicted on the above coin's reverse as the continuous scroll with abbreviated Latin legend. The three plumes above it are the mark of mintmaster, Thomas Bushell, of the Aberystwyth mint (Wales), which provided the equipment for the Oxford coinage. Charles established his wartime headquarters in Oxford late in 1642, and began striking coins there. Most of the metal for his coins came from plate donated by colleges of the university. Suprisingly, during the years from 1643 to 1649, while the Tower mint of London was fully under the control of Parliament, it continued to strike gold coins bearing Charles's portrait, name and titles. All undated, these pieces have a coat-of-arms on the reverse. Estimated Value $40,000 - 50,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $115,000
Lot 307		Great Britain. Triple Unite, 1644-OXON. S-2729; N-2385: Extremely Rare "small module" variety. 27.05 grams. Charles I, 1625-1649. Oxford mint. Crowned bust left, holding sword and branch (without scarf). Reverse: Scrolled "Declaration." This variety has a long, florid olive branch and is similar to the North plate coin (plate IX, #106) if not sharper on part of the reverse legend. Superb example for issue, lustrous with beautiful reddish gold surfaces and on a full flan, with complete clear legends on both sides and only the slightest doubling. King's portrait is especially fine in detail. Very rare and historical! NGC graded MS-61. The complex series of coins minted during the great Civil War, which changed the nature and power of the English monarchy forever, remains fraught with coins not fully understood to this day, some even still mysterious, as they must be considering the exigencies of war. Studies by experts on each mint and period of the war continue to bring modifications to the cataloguing of the series. Much of the enjoyment of collecting the coins of this period indeed lies in what remains unknown or little understood about them. What is clear, however, is the urgent sense of majesty and claimed power projected by these, the largest of all gold pieces ever issued by any sovereign of the land. Relatively few were minted, and most of those must certainly have perished under Cromwell and the Commonwealth who usurped the centuries-old power commanded by a king who stood up to their challenge and paid the ultimate price for his arrogance, and for his belief in his divine right to rule. Estimated Value $40,000 - 50,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). Illustrated in Money of The World, coin 102. View details and enlarged photos	Realized $178,250
Lot 308		Great Britain. Unite, 1644-OX. S-2737. 8.89 grams. Oxford mint. Charles I, 1625-1649. Tall crowned bust left, holding sword and branch. Reverse: Scrolled "Declaration" in three straight lines. Plume mintmark. Lustrous and a choice, well-detailed example for issue, with old-time reddish gold toning. Very rare in this grade. NGC graded AU-58. Estimated Value $15,000 - 18,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $25,300
Lot 309		Great Britain. Tower Mint Horseman Crown, ND. S-2758; N-2195 var. (shield oval rather than round). Charles I, 1625-1649. Tower mint under the King. Third Horseman type. King crowned and armored left, arm at angle and holding sword upright, on walking horse without ground-line. Reverse: Oval quartered shield in elaborately garnished frame. Bell mintmark (1634-1635). Usual unevenness in the strike, but here far less so; with only minor flatness to the king's bust, yet bold legends, and the reverse device outstandingly sharp and full. With ages-old, well-set dark-gray toning. For a large coin of its era, it is also remarkably free from marks. Rare. NGC graded AU-55. This is a silver classic, the king shown as warrior horseman, holding a raised sword. This specimen is a gem of a coin! Estimated Value $10,000 - 12,000. Ex Cheshire Collection (5/30 - 6/1/05), lot 2157. View details and enlarged photos	Realized $9,200
Lot 310		Great Britain. Silver Oxford Pound, 1642. S-2941. 120.06 grams. Charles I, 1625-1649. Oxford mint. Plume/seven pellets. Shrewsbury horseman: the king crowned, in armor and holding sword upright, riding left over arms above the ground-line, Oxford plume behind. Reverse: Declaration: RELIG:PROT:LEG ANGL:LIBER:PARL in two lines, three Oxford plumes and value above. Excellent full round specimen. Handsome old toning. Unusually fine rims, with only minor annealing flaws. Very rare, especially in high grade such as this excellent specimen. NGC graded AU-50. During the Civil War, Parliament was in control of London and the prosperous southeast of England. Therefore much of the bullion they struck into coin had come, and was coming into the country, from the usual trade and commerce sources. Whereas, for Charles, his access to silver was primarily from the active mining operations located in Wales, since he and his partisans controlled the Midlands and the west of England. Adding to these were private contributions from supporters. Those from the colleges in Oxford, where Charles would eventually set up a wartime mint, were especially generous. Charles rarely was in a position to strike gold, even though Prince Rupert would capture Bristol in 1643, giving the royalists for awhile the possession of a major commercial entrepot. Thus most of the King's mints while he was in exile from London struck nothing but silver, and his troops were paid almost exclusively in silver. For later numismatists and collectors, this reign would prove more fascinating than usual because of the diverse and large variety of denominations and issuing mints, plus the bonus of the sometimes odd, but always interesting, siege money. The Oxford Pound is one of the great classics of its era, with few ever trading in any given year because of its overall rarity. At nearly 3.86 troy ounces, this is the largest and one of the most spectacular of all English silver coins. Estimated Value $15,000 - 20,000. Ex Willis Collection, Glendining & Co. (6-5-91). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $32,200
Lot 311		Great Britain. Unite of 20 Shillings, 1650. S-3208; Fr-269; SC-5. 9.04 grams. Commonwealth of England, 1649-1660. Shield of Saint George within wreath. Reverse: Shields of Saint George and Ireland; above, XX, value in Roman numerals. Sun mintmark. Well struck on a full, slightly oblong flan. Softly lustrous and beautiful. Certainly among the finest known and a rare, early date. NGC graded AU-58. Oliver Cromwell was one of those rare individuals in English history who, because of his abilities and placement, and a fortunate timing of events, had the opportunity to effect a political (and eventually a social) change to the country, of a magnitude that hadn't been seen in centuries. Unfortunately, under his stewardship fruition of those opportunities was never fully realized and Britain's chance to move away from a monarchial government towards a republic became for the most part a non-event. The failure of the governors of the Commonwealth and of Oliver Cromwell as its strongest political representative (and certainly of his son Richard) lay in their collective inability to properly handle the numerous opposing forces they were all caught between. Various social pressures were already leading to a splintering and fractiousness of English society by the time of the reign of Charles I, which the years of later civil war would only exacerbate. Cromwell's attempts to placate such groups as the army, the nobility and Parliament, not to mention his own Puritans, resulted only in the alienation of each of these constituencies. Likewise, Parliament showed no foresight in leaving the political machinery of the parishes and shires basically untouched under the new constitution. Thus these important entities were left to continue in their centuries-old tradition of obeisance and fealty to a king. In the end, Parliament, Cromwell and the army failed to a make a clear distinction and separation between their changed constitution and the preceding ancient constitution, with its customs of loyalty and obedience to a monarchy which had been evolving since Anglo-Saxon times. Eventually, Cromwell's governance degenerated into a military dictatorship, and then into a monarchy in all but name. Cromwell's title went from Lord General of the Army to Lord Protector of the Realm (the title of king was proffered, but wisely rejected by him). Cromwell died on September 3, 1658 (of kidney-stone poisoning), naming his feckless son Richard as successor. Without Oliver's strong personality, the Commonwealth soon floundered and within two years of the Lord Protector's demise the monarchy was regained under Charles II, son of the executed Charles I. When the young king returned from exile in the French court, he landed at Dover and kissed his native soil as his very first act of "restoration." Estimated Value $7,500 - 8,500. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $8,338
Lot 312		Great Britain. Unite of 20 Shillings, 1651. S-3208; Fr-269; SC-5. 9.07 grams. Commonwealth, 1649-1660. Shield of Saint George within wreath. Reverse: Shields of Saint George and Ireland; value in Roman numerals. Sun mintmark. Superb, original mint state example, with lovely toning and fresh mint luster, on a full flan. Among the finest known. NGC graded MS-63. Estimated Value $10,000 - 12,500. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $16,675
Lot 313		Great Britain. Gold Crown, 1651. S-3212; Fr-269; SC-5. 2.24 grams. Commonwealth, 1649-1660. Shield of Saint George within wreath. Reverse: Shields of Saint George and Ireland; above, V, value in Roman numerals. Sun mintmark. Beautifully lustrous on a jumbo flan, with a crisp strike and reddish gold toning. Rare in this grade. Seen less often in high grade than the unites. NGC graded MS-64. During the Commonwealth, England experimented with constitutional and political changes, some attempted, some realized, that hadn't been seen within the realm for over a thousand years. However, as far as the realm's coin was concerned, there seemed to be no desire for anything new or adventurous until later in the decade, when Thomas Simon was beckoned to create a portraiture coinage of Cromwell. All during the period, there were far fewer denominations than were seen under Charles I, and nothing at all struck in copper. The only obvious variance to the first, new hammered coinage was the replacement of the old legends in Latin with those in English. One of the grievances held against the preceding Charles by many in the new government was his Catholicism. Thus, it was felt that to continue with the legends in Latin still smacked too much of popery. The distinction was abandoned when Cromwell's coins appeared, perhaps hinting at his veiled dreams of kingship. Estimated Value $4,000 - 5,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $8,050
Lot 314		Great Britain. Crown, 1652/1. S-3214; ESC-5. Commonwealth, 1649-1660. Shield of Saint George within wreath. Reverse: Shields of Saint George and Ireland; above, XX, value in Roman numerals. Sun mintmark. A beautiful example of this massive crown with lovely, reflective, old-time gray surfaces, full bold legends and date, jumbo rims, and very little double-striking. Stunning for a Commonwealth crown, and about as nice as they come, with a rare overdate as well! NGC graded AU-55. Described as "very large 2 of date over 1" and given a rarity rating of R3 in the ESC method, thus called "extremely rare" as a variant. The dies were also aligned or rotated at a 45-degree variance from the norm. Estimated Value $5,000 - 6,000. Ex Cheshire Collection (5/30 - 6/1/05), lot 2172. View details and enlarged photos	Realized $5,290
Lot 315		Great Britain. Gold Pattern Broad, 1656. WR-39. S-3225; Fr-273. By Thomas Simon. Oliver Cromwell, 1653-1660. Laureate head of Cromwell left. Reverse: Crowned arms of the Protectorate. Reeded edge. Superbly struck, with handsome old reddish toning. Extremely rare in this grade -- certainly among the finest known, if not in fact the best piece extant. NGC graded Proof 64 Cameo. The so-called gold Broad, valued in 1656 at 20 shillings, was in effect the very first Guinea, which was invented in the following decade and also valued at 20 shillings. In earlier, hammered versions, it was known as the Pound. Cromwell's golden Broad brought back a tradition lost for some decades, that of placing the monarch's portrait on the "face" of the coin. Cromwell, however, famously declined the regal title, opting for Lord Protector in its stead. But in reality Oliver Cromwell ruled with great personal authority and influence, much as had the long succession of monarchs before him. His Broad is considered very rare (R2 in Wilson & Rasmussen), but the R2 rating does an injustice to this particular specimen, in that most of these pieces, when seen, are heavily impaired by scratches, digs, cleaning and other abuse. While these are referred to as "patterns," nevertheless their issuance as general coin was authorized in 1656, with large-scale production done in 1657, and a second and larger production some time before Cromwell's death. All were machine-made from dies supplied by Thomas Simon, without a doubt one of England's finest die engravers (and an unappreciated national "art treasure" at the time). The striking was done on the presses of a hired Frenchman, Pierre Blondeau. Unfortunately for the talented Simon, the process of converting to mechanized coining caused him to be displaced from his job at the mint as principal engraver, although he continued to cut seals. Later, Simon would fall victim to the Great Plague of 1665 that ravished London and the rest of England. Much like Mozart, he passed away ignominiously. Also much like Mozart, his art has lived on forever, while the memories of those who despoiled him have become no more than mites of dust. Estimated Value $30,000 - 40,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $57,500
Lot 316		Great Britain. Crown, 1658. S-3226; Dav-3773. By Thomas Simon. Oliver Cromwell, 1653-1660. Laureate bust of Cromwell left. Reverse: Crowned shield of the Protectorate. Inscribed edge. Superbly struck; with exquisite old-collection toning, tending to steel blue, over reflective fields. Coin with diagnostic, early state die-crack across the base of the portrait. All in all, a stunning specimen and among the finest known. NGC graded MS-64 Prooflike. Estimated Value $12,500 - 15,000. View details and enlarged photos	Realized $21,275
Lot 317		Great Britain. Tanner's Pattern Crown, 1658. S-3226B. ESC-13. By Tanner. Oliver Cromwell. Laureate and draped bust of Cromwell left. Reverse: Crowned shield of the Protectorate. A supremely sharp, full strike, with only a few of the most trivial marks on the obverse. This specimen of this great rarity is one of the very finest extant, a gorgeous coin with ancient gray toning, almost identical to that often encountered on the Simon crowns. NGC graded Proof 64. Famed copy of the Cromwell portrait crown, by J.S. Tanner (1706-1775), engraver at the Royal Mint under the reign of George II. Edge not viewable in the slab but it is noted that there is no die flaw on its edge. Much rarer than the Simon crown (which is "scarce" while the Tanner coin is rated R4 by ESC, extremely rare, just 11 to 20 known). Simon's engraving on the original shows a brooding, unpleasant pseudo-king, somehow evincing his war-like disposition in the aspect of his jowls and the "anger" in his eye. This was the work of a supreme artist, and Cromwell in life was Simon's model. By contrast, the wonderful "copy" by Johann Sigismund Tanner, a marvelously talented engraver in his own right but the product of a later century, shows Cromwell as a figure along the order of that of a Roman emperor. The mood in his face is now remote, and distanced. The engraving is altered to give a portrait of finer quality, calmer and statuesque -- evincing more of that "detatched, classical air" of Roman antiquity. It is not lesser rendering; rather, it is different. What Tanner in fact did was locate the puncheons used by Simon, re-engrave them, and create new dies that almost duplicated Simon's. Almost. Certainly it was by intention, not error, that he made the date a sharp, singular 1658, not 8/7. Certainly he paid homage to the great Thomas Simon by respecting the minute differences in engraving of the earlier piece. At the same time, Tanner imparted intimate detail in Cromwell's hair (but left his laurel crown less pronounced) and gave an extraordinary clarity to the details of the reverse shield. Tanner also substituted rounded, slightly more even beading to the rims. This is a major rarity, and ranks at the very top of those few pieces known today. Estimated Value $12,500 - 15,000. Ex Cheshire Collection. View details and enlarged photos	Realized $23,000
Lot 318		Great Britain. Halfcrown, 1658. S-3227A. Oliver Cromwell. Laureate and draped bust of Cromwell left. Reverse: Crowned arms of the Protectorate. Grained edge. Choice old, warm gray toning, which tends to reflect gold and russet, with occasional blues and greens. Superb in every aspect, perhaps the finest known. NGC graded MS-66. The cataloguer of this coin in the Terner sale, Bruce Lorich, stated, "This is the only Cromwell halfcrown the cataloguer has seen that he feels is a Specimen or Proof. The majority of Cromwell's silver coins, in nice enough condition, do exhibit some prooflike surface qualities. They even may have been struck from the same dies as this coin, but the detail and striking quality here, in this piece, are so extraordinary that it would appear it was struck more than once, on a blank or planchet that was especially well made. The suggestion begs to be made that this coin could have been prepared for inspection by Oliver himself, although of course no evidence exists. How could it? The best evidence, in fact, could be this very coin, exhibiting absolutely marvelous, original silvery gray iridescent surfaces which are essentially flawless. Regardless if a specimen or a Gem Unc, nothing else like it has ever crossed before the cataloguer's eyes, not in 25 years of working with the finest British coins." Since that sale, a handful of these halfcrowns has been given high grades in slabs, but not one has been called a specimen or proof, and none seems to match its special qualities. Estimated Value $13,000 - 16,000. Ex Terner Collection as PCGS SP64. "This is the only Cromwell halfcrown the cataloguer has seen that he feels is a Specimen or Proof, but the detail and striking quality here, in this piece, are so extraordinary that it would appear it was struck more than once, on a blank or planchet that was especially well made". View details and enlarged photos	Realized $20,125
Lot 319		Great Britain. Gold Unite, ND (c. 1660-1661). S-3301; N-2753; Schneider-371 (same dies); Fr-275 (141). 9.00 grams. Charles II, 1660-1685. Hammered Coinage. First Issue, Class II. Narrow laureate, cuirassed and draped bust of Charles facing left; no berries in wreath, no mark of value. Reverse: Crowned oval garnished shield; around, legend: FLORENT CONCORDIA REGNA. Crown mintmark. Fine, sharply struck portrait with a stunning visage, lustrous and on a full, round flan. With attractive old, delicate red toning. Very rare in this grade and for this type. NGC graded AU-55. With Charles now on the throne, the monarchy was resurrected from its demise on the one hand, while soon another ancient and venerable tradition would see its extinction. In England, early in 1663, after a history stretching over seventeen hundred years, "hammered" coinage would be moribund. So too this denomination, the gold Unite, valued at 20 Shillings. However, the Unite would reappear as the Guinea, a smaller, thicker coin of somewhat reduced weight (about 8.3 grams), and likewise valued at 20 Shillings (but later this classic was re-valued at 21 shillings, sometimes known as a gentleman's pound). In fact all the new coinage was struck at slightly reduced weights. Offsetting this deficiency, though, were the safeguards against clipping that were incorporated into the new issues -- lettered edges on the larger coins, and grained or reeded edging on the on the mid-sized silver pieces. Also new in Charles's reign would be fact that the large-sized silver crown, never an abundant coin previously, would actually be for once more plentiful than smaller silver pieces. The reason for this abundance of silver was because of a payment received from Louis XIV of France for the purchase of the costal port of Dunkirk. The ownership of the town, near the border of the then Spanish Netherlands, had been contested by France and Spain throughout the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. Dunkirk finally passed into French hands in 1658, as a result of French victories against Spain's meddling in France's politico-civil war, known as the Fronde. Participating as allies of France against Spain, the English were given Dunkirk for their assistance. Afterwards, Charles II sold it back to Louis to ease various money difficulties he faced upon re-establishing the monarchy. This plus other subsidies received from Louis because of other secret treaties concluded between Charles and him further swelled the coffers of the London mint, giving England one of the largest silver surpluses it had seen in decades. Estimated Value $12,000 - 15,000. Ex. Slaney Collection, Spink 5-15-03, lot 17. View details and enlarged photos	Realized $26,450
Lot 320		Great Britain. Gold Pattern Broad, or Guinea, 1662. North-2780; KM-Pn32. By Thomas Simon. Charles II, 1660-1685. Hammered Coinage. Laureate, cuirassed, and draped bust of Charles facing left. Reverse: Crowned square shield; around, legend: FLORENT CONCORDIA REGNA; date above. Plain edge. Rare. Virtually as struck, with lovely portrait and a highly lustrous obverse. Struck from a concave reverse die, producing somewhat "diminished" luster on reverse. In exceptional grade for this type. NGC graded MS-62. Not listed by Wilson & Rasmussen, but actually one of the few suggested designs for England's first golden Guinea. Estimated Value $8,000 - 9,000. Ex Dr Jacob Y. Terner Collection (by private treaty to the Millennia Collection). View details and enlarged photos	Realized $14,375